Geography

Apply spatial statistics and quantitative methods to geographic data and spatial analysis.

Study how humans organize space — cities, borders, migration, culture, and economic networks.

Examine Earth's natural systems — weather, climate, landforms, soils, and biomes.

Design and produce maps — projection systems, symbology, layout, and digital mapping tools.

Map and analyze spatial data using software to solve environmental and planning problems.

Design spatial research projects using GIS, fieldwork, surveys, and statistical analysis.

Examine human-environment interactions — resource use, conservation, hazards, and sustainability.

Interpret satellite imagery and aerial photographs to monitor land use, vegetation, and change.

Study climate patterns, weather systems, and long-term climate variability and change.

Analyze how rivers, glaciers, wind, and waves shape Earth's surface landforms over time.

Analyze how cities grow, how land is used, and why neighborhoods develop differently.

Analyze where economic activities locate and why — factories, farms, trade routes, and global markets.